The Kurdish people in South Kurdistan have been struggling for their political and civil rights since the establishment of the modern Iraqi state. they have faced many wars and adversities along the way. The most prominent of these events and tragedies is the gas attack on Halabja on March 16, 1988. Although this incident was a tragedy for the people of the region, it later had a significant impact on the Kurdish cause and the creation of international solidarity. Although the crime was committed on the eve of the Cold War and the regional level Iraq-Iran war was on the way, the Kurdish voiceless in international community, but due to Iran's efforts at the political, diplomatic and media levels, health and economic support for the victims It echoed in the international media. Inside Iran, the Ettela’at newspaper, one of the oldest and most important newspapers in Iran, has been covering the humanitarian, health, political, cultural and international consequences of the incident for several weeks. It can be used as a useful source for understanding the consequences and course of events after 16th of March.
هەورامان کەمال میرزا، Adl Sdiq Ali، Miqdad Omer Abdulla
The title of this study is )Geographical analysis of the chemical bombardment of the city of Halabja and its impact on the size of its population(، and the site of the study is the city of Halabja in 1988، as a geographical location located in northeastern Iraq، east of the Kurdistan region، and the center of Halabja governorate. Due to the effectiveness of military operations، including bombing with weapons of mass destruction، they are in the field of research. The importance of the study lies in determining the changes that occur in the size of the population due to the impact of military operations، including bombing with weapons of mass destruction، in the field of research. The purpose of this study is to show the geographical distribution of bombs dropped by Iraqi government warplanes on the region on March 16، 1988، and how they affected the size of the population and the migration and displacement of its population outside their territory، especially to Iran. Research methodology is the nature of research that seeks to make use of descriptive and analytical methods. The structure of the research is divided into three main axes: the first topic is dedicated to determining the field of research and information about chemical weapons and their types used in the city of Halabja، in the second axis we refer to population growth، and the third topic is the geographical distribution of chemical bombs and their effects. The results of the study found that most of the bombs were aimed at the city of Halabja and some hit the main exit roads and surrounding villages، causing the death and injury of thousands of people and the displacement of tens of thousands of people from the city and the region outside their areas. Finally، we discussed the impact of chemical bombs and their remnants after 1988، which led to the destruction of the city and the decline in the size of the city's population، due to the fears and fears of the residents of the area about the remains of these archaeological sites، or because they were unable to return to their homeland for any other reason
The content of this research talks about administrative changes in Halabja district during (1869-1988). It is consist of two parts. The first part discusses the arrival of the Ottoman Empire to the region of Sharazwr in (1534), and the establishment of Sharazwr state. Moreover, it indicates the role of Halabja in Sharazwr and Baban states. Then, in this research, we have illustrated how Halabja became a centre of the administrative affair at that time and those changes that had occurred in the region.
In the second part, the research looks up in detail for all of the changes that had happened during English colonization in the period of Sheikh Mahmoud, as the big changes were after the 1950s until 1988. In fact, political and military reasons were the most important factors that had a significant impact on all of the changes in the region. In addition, this research sheds light on changes in the name of the district and its township.
